Discovery Timeline

Selected Historical Landmarks in Maturation of the Field of Delirium, Acute Brain Dysfunction in Critical Illness, Acquired-Dementia, Post-Intensive Care Syndrome (PICS) and the ABCDEF Bundle.

Genesis of ABCDEFs
Year
Landmark
1850
Salter
Practical Observations on Delirium
1944
Romano and Engel
EEG Findings in Delirium
1952
DSM I
1959
Engel and Romano
Delirium, a syndrome of cerebral insufficiency
1968
DSM II
1980
DSM III
1989
Lipowski
Delirium in the Elderly
1990
Inouye
CAM
B
1996
Ely
SBT
1998
Trzepacz
DRS-R98
1999
Hopkins
Neuropsychological Sequelae of ARDS Survivors
‍Inouye
Delirium Prevention
2000
DSM IV
B
Kress
SAT
D
2001
Ely
CAM-ICU
Skrobik
ICDSC
A
Payen
BPS
2002
SCCM SAG Guidelines
2003
ELY
RASS Validation
D
2004
Ely
Delirium
Predictor of Mortality
2006
Pandharipande
Delirium and Sedative Medications
A
Gelinas
CPOT
B
2008
Girard
ABC SAT + SBT
C
Pandharipande
MENDS
C
2009
Riker
SEDCOM
E
Schweikert
Early Mobility
2010
Girard
Delirium Predictor of Cognitive Impairment
C
Strøm
No Sedation Protocol
ABCDE
Vasilevskis
A screening, prevention, and restoration model for saving the injured brain in intensive care unit survivors
ABCDE
Vasilevskis
Reducing iatrogenic risks: ICU-acquired delirium and weakness--crossing the quality chasm
2011
Smith HA
pCAM-ICU
ABCDE
Morandi
Sedation, delirium and mechanical ventilation: the 'ABCDE' approach
2012
Mehta
SLEAP
Shehabi
Early Deep Sedation Increases Mortality
PICS
Coining of term PICS for the Post-Intensive Care Syndrome
Needham
Improving long-term outcomes after discharge from intensive care unit: report from a stakeholders' conference.
2013
Barr
SCCM PAD Guidelines
DSM-5
Pandharipande
BRAIN-ICU Study
Han JH
bCAM
ABCDE
2014
Balas
Effectiveness and safety of the awakening and breathing coordination, delirium monitoring/management, and early exercise/mobility bundle.
ABCDEF
Frimpong
ICU Delirium Viewed Through the Lens of the PAD Guidelines and the ABCDEF Implementation Bundle
2015
Smith
psCAM
ABCDEF
2016
Balas
ABCDEF in Long-Term Acute Care Hospital
ABCDEF
2017
Barnes-Daly (n=6064)
Improving Hospital Survival and Reducing Brain Dysfunction at Seven California Community Hospitals: Implementing PAD Guidelines Via the ABCDEF Bundle in 6,064 Patients.
2018
Devlin
PADIS Guidelines
ABCDEF
Pun (n=15,228)
Caring for Critically Ill Patients with the ABCDEF Bundle: Results of the ICU Liberation Collaborative in Over 15,000 Adults.
ABCDEF
Girard
Haloperidol and Ziprasidone for Treatment of Delirium in Critical Illness
2019
Hsieh (n=1855)
Staged Implementation of Awakening and Breathing, Coordination, Delirium Monitoring and Management, and Early Mobilization Bundle Improves Patient Outcomes and Reduces Hospital Costs
ABCDEF
2021
Pun
Prevalence and risk factors for delirium in critically ill patients with COVID-19 (COVID-D): a multicentre cohort study
ABCDEF
Hughes
Dexmedetomidine or Propofol for Sedation in Mechanically Ventilated Adults with Sepsis
B
Thille
‍Spontaneous-Breathing Trials with Pressure-Support Ventilation or a T-Piece
D
2022
Andersen-Ranberg
Haloperidol for the Treatment of Delirium in ICU Patients
E
Hodgson
‍Early Active Mobilization during MechanicalVentilation in the ICU