About Delirium

Subsyndromal delirium in the ICU: evidence for a disease spectrum.
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The incidence of delirium associated with orthopedic surgery: a meta-analytic review.
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Preoperative risk assessment for delirium after noncardiac surgery: a systematic reveiw.
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Assessing neurocognitive outcomes after critical illness: are delirium and long-term cognitive impairments related?
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Long-term neurocognitive function after critical illness.
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Does delirium need immediate medical referral in a frail, homebound elder?
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Delirium and its motoric subtypes: a study of 614 critically ill patients.
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Delirium: acute cognitive dysfunction in the critically ill.
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Postoperative delirium in the older patient.
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Monitoring delirium in critically ill patients. Using the confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit.
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Delirium in the elderly patient.
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Delirium: a symptom of how hospital care is failing older persons and a window to improve quality of hospital care.
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Delirium in the intensive care unit: an under-recognized syndrome of organ dysfunction.
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Current opinions regarding the importance, diagnosis, and management of delirium in the intensive care unit: a survey of 912 healthcare professionals.
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Delirium and Clinical Outcomes

Effect of sedation with dexmedetomidine vs lorazepam on acute brain dysfunction in mechanically ventilated patients: the MENDS randomized controlled trial.
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Phenomenology of delirium. Assessment of 100 adult cases using standardised measures.
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Post-traumatic stress disorder and post-traumatic stress symptoms following critical illness in medical intensive care unit patients: assessing the magnitude of the problem.
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Delirium assessment in the critically ill.
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The importance of diagnosing and managing ICU delirium.
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Outcomes of older people admitted to postacute facilities with delirium.
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Association between delirium resolution and functional recovery among newly admitted postacute facility patients.
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An 18-month prospective cohort study of functional outcome of delirium in elderly patients: activities of daily living.
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Influence of prior cognitive impairment on the severity of delirium symptoms among older patients.
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Post-operative delirium is associated with poor cognitive outcome and dementia.
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The impact of delirium on the survival of mechanically ventilated patients.
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Delirium as a predictor of mortality in mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit.
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Costs associated with delirium in mechanically ventilated patients.
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A prospective study of delirium in hospitalized elderly.
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The impact of delirium in the intensive care unit on hospital length of stay.
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Delirium in the intensive care unit: occurrence and clinical course in older patients.
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The risk of dementia and death after delirium.
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Delirium predicts 12-month mortality.
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Delirium. The occurrence and persistence of symptoms among elderly hospitalized patients.
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Occurrence, causes, and outcome of delirium in patients with advanced cancer: a prospective study.
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The spectrum of septic encephalopathy. Definitions, etiologies, and mortalities.
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A multicomponent intervention to prevent delirium in hospitalized older patients.
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Risk Factors for Delirium

Incidence, risk factors and consequences of ICU delirium.
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Characteristics associated with delirium in older patients in a medical intensive care unit.
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Does educational attainment contribute to risk for delirium? A potential role for cognitive reserve.
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Risk factors and prediction of postoperative delirium in elderly hip-surgery patients: implementation and validation of a medical risk factor model.
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Serum biomarkers for delirium.
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Lorazepam is an independent risk factor for transitioning to delirium in intensive care unit patients.
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Impaired executive function is associated with delirium after coronary artery bypass graft surgery.
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Impaired oxidative metabolism precipitates delirium: a study of 101 ICU patients.
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Postoperative delirium: the importance of pain and pain management.
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Lorazepam is an independent risk factor for transitioning to delirium in intensive care unit patients.
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A clinical prediction rule for delirium after elective noncardiac surgery.
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Precipitating factors for delirium in hospitalized elderly persons. Predictive model and interrelationship with baseline vulnerability.
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The relationship of postoperative delirium with psychoactive medications.
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Delirium risk factors in elderly hospitalized patients.
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Preoperative risk factors for postoperative delirium.
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Incidence and risk factors for delirium and other adverse outcomes in older adults after coronary artery bypass graft surgery.
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Risk factors for delirium in hospitalized elderly.
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Delirium in an intensive care unit: a study of risk factors.
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Predisposing factors for delirium in the surgical intensive care unit.
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CAM-ICU Validation Studies and Other Delirium Instruments

Large-scale implementation of sedation and delirium monitoring in the intensive care unit: a report from two medical centers.
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Clarifying confusion: the confusion assessment method. A new method for detection of delirium.
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Delirium in mechanically ventilated patients: validity and reliability of the confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit (CAM-ICU).
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Evaluation of delirium in critically ill patients: validation of the Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU).
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Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist: evaluation of a new screening tool.
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Validation of the Delirium Rating Scale-revised-98: comparison with the delirium rating scale and the cognitive test for delirium.
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Sedation Scales and Sedation Protocols

Efficacy and safety of a paired sedation and ventilator weaning protocol for mechanically ventilated patients in intensive care (Awakening and Breathing Controlled trial): a randomised controlled trial.
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Prospective evaluation of the Sedation-Agitation Scale for adult critically ill patients.
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The Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale: validity and reliability in adult intensive care unit patients.
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Monitoring sedation status over time in ICU patients: reliability and validity of the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS).
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Validating the Sedation-Agitation Scale with the Bispectral Index and Visual Analog Scale in adult ICU patients after cardiac surgery.
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Confirming the reliability of the sedation-agitation scale administered by ICU nurses without experience in its use.
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Motor Activity Assessment Scale: a valid and reliable sedation scale for use with mechanically ventilated patients in an adult surgical intensive care unit.
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Daily interruption of sedative infusions in critically ill patients undergoing mechanical ventilation.
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Effect of a nursing-implemented sedation protocol on the duration of mechanical ventilation.
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Assessing distress in pediatric intensive care environments: the COMFORT scale.
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Sedation and Delirium Clinical Practice Guidelines

Clinical practice guidelines for the sustained use of sedatives and analgesics in the critically ill adult.
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Implementation of Delirium Monitoring

Large-scale implementation of sedation and delirium monitoring in the intensive care unit: a report from two medical centers.
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Prevention and Treatment Delirium

A multicomponent intervention to prevent delirium in hospitalized older patients.
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A multifactorial intervention program reduces the duration of delirium, length of hospitalization, and mortality in delirious patients.
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Olanzapine vs haloperidol: treating delirium in a critical care setting.
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A double-blind trial of haloperidol, chlorpromazine, and lorazepam in the treatment of delirium in hospitalized AIDS patients.
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The effect of music listening on acute confusion and delirium in elders undergoing elective hip and knee surgery.
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A double-blind trial of risperidone and haloperidol for the treatment of delirium.
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Delirium: current trends in prevention and treatment.
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Atypical antipsychotics in the management of delirium: a review of the empirical literature.
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Haloperidol use is associated with lower hospital mortality in mechanically ventilated patients.
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Effectiveness of interventions to prevent delirium in hospitalized patients: a systematic review.
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A geriatric-anesthesiologic program to reduce acute confusional states in elderly patients treated for femoral neck fractures.
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Reducing delirium after hip fracture: a randomized trial.
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Mechanical Ventilation

Haloperidol use is associated with lower hospital mortality in mechanically ventilated patients.
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A randomized trial of intermittent lorazepam versus propofol with daily interruption in mechanically ventilated patients.
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Mechanical ventilation in ARDS: a state-of-the-art review.
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Risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms following critical illness requiring mechanical ventilation: a prospective cohort study.
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Effect on the duration of mechanical ventilation of identifying patients capable of breathing spontaneously.
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Large scale implementation of a respiratory therapist-driven protocol for ventilator weaning.
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Evidence-based guidelines for weaning and discontinuing ventilatory support: a collective task force facilitated by the American College of Chest Physicians; the American Association for Respiratory Care; and the American College of Critical Care Medicine.
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Mechanical ventilator weaning protocols driven by nonphysician health-care professionals: evidence-based clinical practice guidelines.
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Cognitive, Psychological, and Quality of Life Outcomes Post-ICU Stay

Long-term cognitive, emotional, and functional outcomes in trauma intensive care unit survivors without intracranial hemorrhage.
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Evidence-based clinical update: general anesthesia and the risk of delirium and postoperative cognitive dysfunction.
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The role of postoperative analgesia in delirium and cognitive decline in elderly patients: a systematic review.
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Brain dysfunction: another burden for the chronically critically ill.
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Two-year cognitive, emotional, and quality-of-life outcomes in acute respiratory distress syndrome.
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The association between delirium and cognitive decline: a review of the empirical literature.
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Research issues in the evaluation of cognitive impairment in intensive care unit survivors.
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Clinical identification of cognitive impairment in ICU survivors: insights for intensivists.
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Neuropsychological sequelae and impaired health status in survivors of severe acute respiratory distress syndrome.
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Six-month neuropsychological outcome of medical intensive care unit patients.
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The relationship between cognitive performance and employment and health status in long-term survivors of the acute respiratory distress syndrome: results of an exploratory study.
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Health-related quality of life and posttraumatic stress disorder in survivors of the acute respiratory distress syndrome.
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Psychological problems following ICU treatment.
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Aging in the ICU

Individual delirium symptoms: do they matter?
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Mechanical ventilation in a cohort of elderly patients admitted to an intensive care unit.
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Recovery rate and prognosis in older persons who develop acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome.
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Optimizing outcomes for older patients treated in the intensive care unit.
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Pathophysiology of Delirium

The role of neuroimaging in elucidating delirium pathophysiology.
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Cerebral perfusion changes in older delirious patients using 99mTc HMPAO SPECT.
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Elucidating the pathophysiology of delirium and the interrelationship of delirium and dementia.
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Isoflurane-induced apoptosis: a potential pathogenic link between delirium and dementia.
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