References

Delirium and Clinical Outcomes

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Jackson JC, Hart RP, Gordon SM, Hopkins RO, Girard TD, Ely EW. Post-traumatic stress disorder and post-traumatic stress symptoms following critical illness in medical intensive care unit patients: assessing the magnitude of the problem. Crit Care. 2007;11:R27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=17316451.

Devlin JW, Fong JJ, Fraser GL, Riker RR. Delirium assessment in the critically ill. Intensive Care Med. 2007;33:929-940. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=17401550.

Pun B, Ely EW. The importance of diagnosing and managing ICU delirium. Chest. 2007;132:624-636. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=17699134.

G. Bellelli and M. Trabucchi. Outcomes of older people admitted to postacute facilities with delirium. J.Am.Geriatr.Soc. 54 (2):380-381,
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D. K. Kiely, R. N. Jones, M. A. Bergmann, K. M. Murphy, E. J. Orav, and E. R. Marcantonio. Association between delirium resolution and functional recovery among newly admitted postacute facility patients. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 61 (2):204-208, 2006.
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G. J. McAvay, P. H. Van Ness, S. T. Bogardus, Jr., Y. Zhang, D. L. Leslie, L. S. Leo-Summers, and S. K. Inouye. Older adults discharged from the hospital with delirium: 1-year outcomes. J Am Geriatr Soc 54 (8):1245-1250, 2006.
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S. Vida, Fort G. Galbaud du, R. Kakuma, L. Arsenault, R. W. Platt, and C. M. Wolfson. An 18-month prospective cohort study of functional outcome of delirium in elderly patients: activities of daily living. Int.Psychogeriatr. 18 (4):681-700, 2006.
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P. Voyer, J. McCusker, M. G. Cole, and L. Khomenko. Influence of prior cognitive impairment on the severity of delirium symptoms among older patients. J Neurosci.Nurs. 38 (2):90-101, 2006.
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P. Wacker, P. V. Nunes, H. Cabrita, and O. V. Forlenza. Post-operative delirium is associated with poor cognitive outcome and dementia. Dement.Geriatr Cogn Disord. 21 (4):221-227, 2006.
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Lin SM, Liu CY, Wang CH, Lin HC, Huang CD, Huang PY et al. The impact of delirium on the survival of mechanically ventilated patients. Crit Care Med 2004; 32(11):2254-2259

Ely, E.W., Shintani, A., Truman, B., Speroff, T., Gordon, S.M., Harrell, F.E., Inouye, S.K., Bernard, G.R., Dittus, R.S. Delirium as a predictor of mortality in mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit. JAMA. 291(14): 1753-1762, 2004.
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Milbrandt, E.B., Deppen, S., Harrison, P.L., Shintani, A.K., Speroff, T., Stiles, R.A., Truman, B., Bernard, G.R., Dittus, R.S., Ely, E.W. Costs Associated with Delirium in Mechanically Ventilated Patients. Crit. Care Med. 32 (4):955-962,2004.
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Francis J., Martin D., and Kapoor W. N. A prospective study of delirium in hospitalized elderly. JAMA; 263:1097-1101, 1990.
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Ely EW, Gautam S, Margolin R, Francis J, May L, Speroff T et al. The impact of delirium in the intensive care unit on hospital length of stay. Intensive Care Med 2001; 27:1892-1900.
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McNicoll L, Pisani MA, Zhang Y, Ely EW, Siegel MD, Inouye SK. Delirium in the intensive care unit: occurrence and clinical course in older patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 2003; 51:591-598.
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Rockwood K, Cosway S, Carver D et al. The risk of dementia and death after delirium. Age and Ageing 2001; 28:551-556.
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McCusker J, Cole M, Abrahamowicz M, Primeau F, Belzile E. Delirium predicts 12 month mortality. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162:457-463.
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Levkoff SE, Evans DA, Liptzin B, Clearly PD, Lipsitz LA, Wetle TT et al. Delirium: The occurrence and persistence of symptoms among elderly hospitalized patients. Arch Intern Med 1992; 152:334-340.
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Lawlor PG, Gagnon B, Mancini IL, Pereira JL, Hanson J, Suarez-Almazor ME et al. Occurrence, causes, and outcome of delirium in patients with advanced cancer patients: a prospective study. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160:786-794.
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Eidelman LA, Putterman D, Putterman C, Sprung CL. The spectrum of septic encephalopathy: definitions, etiologies, and mortalities. JAMA 1996; 275:470-473.
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Inouye SK, Bogardus ST, Charpentier PA, Leo-Summers L, Acampora D, Holford TR et al. A multicomponent intervention to prevent delirium in hospitalized older patients. N Engl J Med 1999; 340:669-676.
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Risk Factors for Delirium

Ouimet S, Kavanagh BP, Gottfried SB, Skrobik Y. Incidence, risk factors and consequences of ICU delirium. Intensive Care Med. 2007;33:66-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=17102966.

Pisani MA, Murphy TE, Van Ness PH, Araujo KL, Inouye SK. Characteristics associated with delirium in older patients in a medical intensive care unit. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167:1629-1634. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=17698685

R. N. Jones, F. M. Yang, Y. Zhang, D. K. Kiely, E. R. Marcantonio, and S. K. Inouye. Does educational attainment contribute to risk for delirium? A potential role for cognitive reserve. J.Gerontol.A Biol.Sci.Med.Sci. 61 (12):1307-1311, 2006.
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K. J. Kalisvaart, R. Vreeswijk, J. F. de Jonghe, Ploeg T. van der, W. A. van Gool, and P. Eikelenboom. Risk factors and prediction of postoperative delirium in elderly hip-surgery patients: implementation and validation of a medical risk factor model. J Am Geriatr Soc 54 (5):817-822, 2006.
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E. R. Marcantonio, J. L. Rudolph, D. Culley, G. Crosby, D. Alsop, and S. K. Inouye. Serum biomarkers for delirium. J.Gerontol.A Biol.Sci.Med Sci. 61 (12):1281-1286, 2006.
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P. P. Pandharipande, A. Shintani, J. Peterson, B. T. Pun, G. R. Wilkinson, R. Dittus, G. Bernard, and E. W. Ely. Lorazepam is an independent risk factor for transitioning to delirium in intensive care unit patients. Anesthesiology 104:21-26, 2006.
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J. L. Rudolph, R. N. Jones, L. J. Grande, W. P. Milberg, E. G. King, L. A. Lipsitz, S. E. Levkoff, and E. R. Marcantonio. Impaired executive function is associated with delirium after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. J Am Geriatr Soc 54 (6):937-941, 2006.
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J. S. Seaman, J. Schillerstrom, D. Carroll, and T. M. Brown. Impaired oxidative metabolism precipitates delirium: a study of 101 ICU patients. Psychosomatics 47 (1):56-61, 2006.
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L. E. Vaurio, L. P. Sands, Y. Wang, E. A. Mullen, and J. M. Leung. Postoperative delirium: the importance of pain and pain management. Anesth.Analg. 102 (4):1267-1273, 2006.
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Pandharipande PP, Shintani A, Peterson J, Pun BT, Wilkinson GR, Dittus R et al. Lorazepam is an independent risk factor for transitioning to delirium in intensive care unit patients. Anesthesiology; 104:21-26, 2005.
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Marcantonio ER, Goldman L, Mangione CM, Ludwig LE, Muraca B, Haslauer CM et al. A clinical prediction rule for delirium after elective noncardiac surgery. JAMA 1994; 271:134-139.
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Inouye SK, Charpentier PA. Precipitating factors for delirium in hospitalized elderly persons: predictive model and interrelationship with baseline vulnerability. JAMA 1996; 275:852-857.
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Marcantonio ER, Juarez G, Goldman L, Mangione CM, Ludwig LE, Lind L et al. The relationship of postoperative delirium with psychoactive medications. JAMA 1994; 272:1518-1522.
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Elie M, Cole MG, Primeau FJ, Bellavance F. Delirium risk factors in elderly hospitalized patients. J Gen Intern Med 1998;(13):204-212.
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Litaker D, Locala J, Franco K, Bronson DL, Tannous Z. Preoperative risk factors for postoperative delirium. Gen Hospital Psychiatry 2001; 23:84-89.
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Rolfson DB, McElhaney JE, Rockwood K, Finnegan BA, Entwistle LM, Wong JF et al. Incidence and risk factors for delirium and other adverse outcomes in older adults after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Can J Cardiol 1999; 15:771-776.
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Schor JD, Levkoff SE, Lipsitz LA. Risk factors for delirium in hospitalized elderly. JAMA 1992; 267:827-831.
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Dubois MJ, Bergeron N, Dumont M, Dial S, Skrobik Y. Delirium in an intensive care unit: a study of risk factors. Intensive Care Med 2001; 27:1297-1304.
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Aldemir M, Ozen S, Kara IH, Sir A, Bac B. Predisposing factors for delirium in the surgical intensive care unit. Critical Care 2001; 5:265-270.
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CAM-ICU Validation Studies and Other Delirium Instruments

Pun, B.T., Gordon, S.M., Harrison, T., Shintani, A., Jackson, J.C. Ely, E.W. Large-scale Implementation of Sedation and Delirium Monitoring in the ICU: A Report from Two Medical Centers of 4163 Patient-Days. Critical Care Medicine. 33:1199-1205, 2005.
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Inouye SK, van Dyck CH, Alessi CA, Balkin S, Siegal AP, Horowitz RI. Clarifying confusion: the confusion assessment method. Ann Intern Med 1990; 113:941-948.
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Ely EW, Inouye SK, Bernard GR, Gordon S, Francis J, May L et al. Delirium in mechanically ventilated patients: validity and reliability of the confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit (CAM-ICU). JAMA 2001; 286:2703-2710.
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Ely EW, Margolin R, Francis J, May L, Truman B, Dittus R et al. Evaluation of delirium in critically ill patients: validation of the confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit (CAM-ICU). Crit Care Med 2001; 29:1370-1379.
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Bergeron N, Dubois MJ, Dumont M, Dial S, Skrobik Y. Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist: evaluation of a new screening tool. Intensive Care Med 2001; 27:859-864.
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Trzepacz PT, Mittal D, Torres R, Kanary K, Norton J, Jimerson N. Validation of Delirium Rating Scale Revised-98: comparison to the delirium rating scale and cognitive test for delirium, J of Neuropsychiatry and Clin Neurosciences 2001; 13:229-242.
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Sedation Scales and Sedation Protocols

BRiker R, Picard JT, Fraser G. Prospective evaluation of the sedation-agitation scale for adult critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 1999; 27:1325-1329.
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Sessler CN, Gosnell M, Grap MJ, Brophy GT, O'Neal PV, Keane KA et al. The Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale: validity and reliability in adult intensive care patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166:1338-1344.
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Ely EW, Truman B, Shintani A, Thomason JWW, Wheeler AP, Gordon S et al. Monitoring sedation status over time in ICU patients: the reliability and validity of the Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale (RASS). JAMA 2003; 289:2983-2991.
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Riker RR, Fraser GL, Simmons LE, Wilkins ML. Validating the Sedation-Agitation Scale with the Bispectral Index and Visual Analog Scale in Adult ICU Patients after Cardiac Surgery. Intensive Care Med 2001; 27:853-858.
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Brandl KM, Langley KA, Riker RR, Dork LA, Qualls CR, Levy H. Confirming the reliability of the Sedation-Agitation-Scale in ICU nurses without prior experience in its use. Pharmacotherapy 2001; 21:431-436
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Devlin JW, Boleski G, Mlynarek M, Nerenz D, Peterson E, Jankowski M et al. Motor activity assessment scale: a valid and reliable sedation scale for use with mechanically ventilated patients in an adult surgical intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 1999; 27:1271.
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Kress JP, Pohlman AS, O’Connor MF, Hall JB. Daily interruption of sedative infusions in critically ill patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. N Engl J Med 2000; 342:1471-1477.
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Brooks AD, Ahrens TS, Schaiff R, Prentice D, Sherman G, Shannon W et al. Effect of a nursing implemented sedation protocol on the duration of mechanical ventilation.Crit Care Med 1999; 27:2609-2615.
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Ambuel B, Hamlett KW, Marx CM, Blumer JL. Assessing distress in pediatric intensive care environments: the COMFORT scale. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 1992; 17:95-109.
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Sedation and Delirium Clinical Practice Guidelines

Jacobi,J., Fraser,G.L., Coursin,D.B., Riker,R., Fontaine,D., Wittbrodt,E.T., Chalfin,D.B., Masica,M.F., Bjerke,S., Coplin,W.M., Crippen,D.W., Fuchs,B.D., Kelleher,R.M., Marik,P.E., Nasraway,S.A., Murray,M.J., Peruzzi,W.T., Lumb,P.D.. Clinical practice guidelines for the sustained use of sedatives and analgesics in the critically ill adult. Crit Care Med; 30:119-141, 2002.
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Treating Delirium: A Quick Reference Guide. The American Psychiatric Association.
http://www.psych.org/rontemp/cme/apacme/luanne/delirium_course13/Delirium.pdf

Implementation of Delirium Monitoring

Large-scale implementation of sedation and delirium monitoring in the intensive care unit: a report from two medical centers.
Pun BT, Gordon SM, Peterson JF, Shintani AK, Jackson JC, Foss J, Harding SD, Bernard GR, Dittus RS, Ely EW.
Crit Care Med. 2005 Jun;33(6):1421-2.
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Prevention and Treatment Delirium

S. K. Inouye, S. T. Bogardus, Jr., P. A. Charpentier, L. Leo-Summers, D. Acampora, T. R. Holford, and L. M. Cooney, Jr. A multicomponent intervention to prevent delirium in hospitalized older patients. N Engl J Med 340 (9):669-676, 1999.
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M. Lundstrom, A. Edlund, S. Karlsson, B. Brannstrom, G Bucht, and Y. Gustafson. A multifactorial intervention program reduces the duration of delirium,, length of hospitalization, and mortality in delirious patients. JAGS 53:622-628, 2005.
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Skrobik Y, Bergeron N, Dumont M, Gottfried SB. Olanzapine vs haloperidol: treating delirium in a critical care setting. Intensive Care Med 2004; 30:444-449
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W. Breitbart, R. Marotta, M. M. Platt, H. Weisman, M. Derevenco, C. Grau, K. Corbera, S. Raymond, S. Lund, and P. Jacobsen. A Double-Blind Trial of Haloperidol, Chlorpromazine, and Lorazepam in the Treatment of Delirium in Hospitalized AIDS Patients. American Journal of Psychiatry February 153 (2):231-237, 1996.
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Ruth M, Locsin R. The effect of music listening on acute confusion and delirium in elders undergoing elective hip and knee surgery. J Clin Nurs 2004;13:91-96.
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Hans CS, Kim YK. A double-blind trial of risperidone and haloperidol for the treatment of delirium. Psychosomatics. 2004;45:297-301.

Weber JB, Coverdale JH, Kunik ME. Delirium: current trends in prevention and treatment. Intern Med J. 2004;34:115-21.
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W. Breitbart. Treatment of delirium in cancer patients with the atypical antipsychotic olanzapine. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine, Palm Springs, CA.November, 2000.

E. B. Milbrandt, A. Kersten, L. Kong, L. A. Weissfeld, G. Clermont, M. P. Fink, and D. C. Angus. Haloperidol use is associated with lower hospital mortality in mechanically ventilated patients. Crit Care Med 33 (1):226-229, 2005.
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Cole MG, Primeau F, McCusker J. Effectiveness of interventions to prevent delirium in hospitalized patients: a systemic review. Can Med Assoc J 1996; 155:1263-1268.
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Gustafson Y, Brannstrom B, Berggren D, Ragnarsson JI, Sigaard J, Bucht G et al. A geriatric anesthesiologic program to reduce acute confusional states in elderly patients treated for femoral neck fracture. Journal America Geriatrics Soc 1991; 39:655-662.
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Marcantonio ER, Flacker JM, Wright RJ, Resnick NM. Reducing delirium after hip fracture: a randomized trial. J Am Geriatr Soc 2001; 49(5):516-522.
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Mechanical Ventilation

Milbrandt EB, Kersten A, Kong L et al. Haloperidol use is associated with lower hospital mortality in mechanically ventilated patients. Crit Care Med. 2005;33:226-229. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15644675.

Carson SS, Kress JP, Rodgers JE et al. A randomized trial of intermittent lorazepam versus propofol with daily interruption in mechanically ventilated patients. Crit Care Med. 2006;34:1326-1332. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=16540958.

Girard TD, Bernard GR. Mechanical Ventilation in ARDS: A State-of-the-Art Review. Chest. 2007;131:921-929. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=17356115.

Girard TD, Shintani AK, Jackson JC et al. Risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms following critical illness requiring mechanical ventilation: a prospective cohort study. Crit Care. 2007;11:R28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=17316452

Ely, E.W., Baker, A.M., Dunagan, D.P., Burke, H.L., Smith, A.C., Kelly, P.T., Johnson, M.M., Browder, R.W., Bowton, D.L., Haponik, E.F. Effect on the duration of mechanical ventilation of identifying patients capable of breathing spontaneously. N. Engl. J. Med. 335:1864-1869, 1996.
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Ely, E.W., Bennett, P.A., Bowton, D.L., Murphy, S.M., Haponik, E.F. Large scale implementation of a respiratory therapist-driven protocol for ventilator weaning. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 159(2):439-446, 1999.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9927355&dopt=Abstract

MacIntyre, N., Cook, D., Ely, E.W., Epstein, S., Fink, J., Heffner, J., Hess, D., Hubmayr, R., Scheinhorn, D. Evidence-based guidelines for weaning and discontinuing ventilatory support. A collective task force facilitated by the American Association for Respiratory Care; and the American College of Critical Care Medicine. Chest. 120(6):375S-395S, 2001.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11742959&dopt=Abstract

Ely, E.W., Meade, M.O., Haponik, E.F., Kollef, M.H., Cook, D.J., Guyatt, G.H., Stoller, J.K. Mechanical ventilator weaning protocols driven by nonphysician health-care professionals: Evidence based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 120:454S-463S, 2001.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11742965&dopt=Abstract

Cognitive, Psychological, and Quality of Life Outcomes Post-ICU Stay

Jackson JC, Obremskey W, Bauer R et al. Long-term cognitive, emotional, and functional outcomes in trauma intensive care unit survivors without intracranial hemorrhage. J Trauma. 2007;62:80-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=17215737.

G. L. Bryson and A. Wyand. Evidence-based clinical update: General anesthesia and the risk of delirium and postoperative cognitive dysfunction: [Mise a jour clinique fondee sur des donnees probantes : l'anesthesie generale et le risque de delire et de dysfonctionnement cognitif postoperatoire]. Can.J Anaesth. 53 (7):669-677, 2006.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=16803914&query_hl=27&itool=pubmed_docsum.

H. K. Fong, L. P. Sands, and J. M. Leung. The role of postoperative analgesia in delirium and cognitive decline in elderly patients: a systematic review. Anesth.Analg. 102 (4):1255-1266, 2006.
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J. E. Nelson, N. Tandon, A. F. Mercado, S. L. Camhi, E. W. Ely, and R. S. Morrison. Brain dysfunction: another burden for the chronically critically ill. Arch.Intern.Med. 166 (18):1993-1999, 2006.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=17030833&query_hl=30&itool=pubmed_docsum

R. O. Hopkins, L. K. Weaver, D. Collingridge, R. B. Parkinson, K. J. Chan, and J. F. Orme, Jr. Two-Year Cognitive, Emotional, and Quality-of-Life Outcomes in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 171 (4):340-347, 2005.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15542793

J. C. Jackson, S. M. Gordon, R. P. Hart, R. O. Hopkins, and E. W. Ely. The association between delirium and cognitive decline: a review of the empirical literature. Neuropsychol Rev 14 (2):87-98, 2004.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15264710

J. C. Jackson, S. M. Gordon, E. W. Ely, C. Burger, and R. O. Hopkins. Research issues in the evaluation of cognitive impairment in intensive care unit survivors. Intensive Care Med 2004;2009-2016.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15372146

S. M. Gordon, J. C. Jackson, E. W. Ely, C. Burger, and R. O. Hopkins. Clinical identification of cognitive impairment in ICU survivors: insights for intensivists. Intensive Care Med 30:1997-2008, 2004.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15549252

Hopkins, R.O., Weaver, L.K., Pope, D., Orme, J.F., Bigler, E.D., Larson-Lohr, V. Neuropsychological sequelae and impaired health status in survivors of severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 160:50-56.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10390379&dopt=Abstract

Jackson, J.C., Hart, R.P., Gordon, S.M., Shintani, A., Truman, B., May, L. et al. Six-month neuropsychological outcome of medical intensive care unit patients. Crit Care Med 2003; 31:1226-1234.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12682497&dopt=Abstract

Rothenhausler, H.B., Ehrentraut, S., Stoll, C., Schelling, G., Kapfhammer, H.P.. The relationship between cognitive performance and employment and health status in long-term survivors of the acute respiratory distress syndrome: results of an exploratory study. General Hospital Psychiatry 2001; 23:90-96.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11313077&dopt=Abstract

Schelling, G., Stoll, C., Haller, M., Briegel, J., Manert, W., Hummel, T. et al. Health-related quality of life and posttraumatic stress disorder in survivors of the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med 1998; 26:651-659.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9559601&dopt=Abstract

Scragg, P., Jones, A., Fauvel, N.. Psychological problems following ICU Treatment. Anesthesia 2001; 56: 9-14.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11167429&dopt=Abstract

Aging in the ICU

Marquis F, Ouimet S, Riker R, Cossette M, Skrobik Y. Individual delirium symptoms: Do they matter?*. Crit Care Med. 2007;Publish Ahead of Print. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=17700491.

Ely, E.W., Evans, G.W., Haponik, E.F. Mechanical ventilation in a cohort of elderly patients admitted to an intensive care unit. Ann. Intern. Med. 131:96-104, 1999.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10419447&dopt=Abstract

Ely, E.W., Wheeler, A.P., Thompson, J.T., Ancukiewicz, M., Steinberg, K.P., Bernard, G.R. for the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network. Recovery rate and prognosis in older persons who develop acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Ann. Intern. Med. 136:24-35, 2002.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11777361&dopt=Abstract

Ely, E.W. Understanding outcomes of critically ill older patients. In: Update in Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine. D.C. Angus, J. Carlet, eds., Springer, 2002, pp. 85-106.

Levy, C., Ely, E.W. Critical care in the elderly: optimizing outcomes for older patients admitted to intensive care, pgs. 169-180, 2003. Chapter 15 in: Principles of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology. Hazzard, et al., ed., McGraw Hill, New York, 2003, pp. 169-180.

Pathophysiology of Delirium

D. C. Alsop, M. A. Fearing, K. Johnson, R. Sperling, T. G. Fong, and S. K. Inouye. The role of neuroimaging in elucidating delirium pathophysiology. J.Gerontol.A Biol.Sci.Med.Sci. 61 (12):1287-1293, 2006.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=Search&DB=pubmed.

T. G. Fong, S. T. Bogardus, Jr., A. Daftary, E. Auerbach, H. Blumenfeld, S. Modur, L. Leo-Summers, J. Seibyl, and S. K. Inouye. Cerebral perfusion changes in older delirious patients using 99mTc HMPAO SPECT. J.Gerontol.A Biol.Sci.Med.Sci. 61 (12):1294-1299, 2006.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=search&DB=pubmed.

S. K. Inouye and L. Ferrucci. Elucidating the pathophysiology of delirium and the interrelationship of delirium and dementia.

Z. Xie, Y. Dong, U. Maeda, R. Moir, S. K. Inouye, D. J. Culley, G. Crosby, and R. E. Tanzi. Isoflurane-induced apoptosis: a potential pathogenic link between delirium and dementia. J.Gerontol.A Biol.Sci.Med.Sci. 61 (12):1300-1306, 2006.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=17234824&query_hl=51&itool=pubmed_docsum

Selected References