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Sedation Scales and Sedation Protocols

Girard, T. D., et al. "Efficacy and safety of a paired sedation and ventilator weaning protocol for mechanically ventilated patients in intensive care (Awakening and Breathing Controlled trial): a randomised controlled trial." Lancet 371.9607 (2008): 126-34.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18191684?dopt=Citation

BRiker R, Picard JT, Fraser G. Prospective evaluation of the sedation-agitation scale for adult critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 1999; 27:1325-1329.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10446827&dopt=Abstract

Sessler CN, Gosnell M, Grap MJ, Brophy GT, O'Neal PV, Keane KA et al. The Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale: validity and reliability in adult intensive care patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166:1338-1344.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12421743&dopt=Abstract

Ely EW, Truman B, Shintani A, Thomason JWW, Wheeler AP, Gordon S et al. Monitoring sedation status over time in ICU patients: the reliability and validity of the Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale (RASS). JAMA 2003; 289:2983-2991.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12799407&dopt=Abstract

Riker RR, Fraser GL, Simmons LE, Wilkins ML. Validating the Sedation-Agitation Scale with the Bispectral Index and Visual Analog Scale in Adult ICU Patients after Cardiac Surgery. Intensive Care Med 2001; 27:853-858.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11430541&dopt=Abstract

Brandl KM, Langley KA, Riker RR, Dork LA, Qualls CR, Levy H. Confirming the reliability of the Sedation-Agitation-Scale in ICU nurses without prior experience in its use. Pharmacotherapy 2001; 21:431-436
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11310516&dopt=Abstract

Devlin JW, Boleski G, Mlynarek M, Nerenz D, Peterson E, Jankowski M et al. Motor activity assessment scale: a valid and reliable sedation scale for use with mechanically ventilated patients in an adult surgical intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 1999; 27:1271.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10446819&dopt=Abstract

Kress JP, Pohlman AS, O’Connor MF, Hall JB. Daily interruption of sedative infusions in critically ill patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. N Engl J Med 2000; 342:1471-1477.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10816184&dopt=Abstract

Brooks AD, Ahrens TS, Schaiff R, Prentice D, Sherman G, Shannon W et al. Effect of a nursing implemented sedation protocol on the duration of mechanical ventilation.Crit Care Med 1999; 27:2609-2615.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10628598&dopt=Abstract

Ambuel B, Hamlett KW, Marx CM, Blumer JL. Assessing distress in pediatric intensive care environments: the COMFORT scale. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 1992; 17:95-109.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1545324&dopt=Abstract

Vanderbilt University Medical Center
Veterans Affairs TN Valley Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC)